Ottomans

**ESPIRIT Chart ** You must include main ideas and details in each category  Civilization/Nation/Group  Time Period____ _   · In addition to Muslim traders, commerce within the empire was in the hands of Christian and Jewish merchants, who as dhimmis, or “people of the book,” were under the protection of the Ottoman rulers. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The city and its suburbs stretched along both sides of the Bosporus, the narrow strait between the Mediterranean and Black seas that separate Europe from Asia and harbored on the Golden Horn, a triangular bay that formed the northern boundary of the city, were crowded with merchant shops from ports throughout the regions. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Constantinople’s great bazaars were filled with merchants and travelers from throughout the empire and places as distant as England and Malaya who offered all manner of produce, from the spices of the East Indies and the ivory of Africa to slaves and forest products from Russia and fine carpets from Persia. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Ottoman regime closely regulated commercial exchange and handicraft production by employing government inspectors to ensure that standard weights and measures were used and to license the opening of new shops. While also regulating the entry of apprentice artisans into the trades and monitored the quality of the goods that were being produced. \ <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Due to the decline of influence in a global scale, the Ottomans were no longer involved in the Portuguese trade that transmitted to Europe through Muslim trading centers in the eastern Mediterranean meant that merchants and tax collectors in the Ottoman empire lost critical revenues. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The warrior aristocracy was granted control over land and peasant producers in annexed areas for the support of their households and military retainers. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Starting from the 15th century, the warrior class also vied with religious leaders wand administrators drawn from other social groups for control of the expanding Ottoman bureaucracy. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Most of the Janissaries were made up of adolescent boys in conquered lands who were forced or sometimes willingly given up by the parents, in the Balkans where the population had retained their Christian faith, for the opportunities of advancement that came with the service to the Ottoman sultans. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Although the Janissaries were legally slaves, the youths were given fairly extensive schooling for the time and converted to Islam. Some of them went on to serve in the palace or bureaucracy but most became Janissaries. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Because the Janissaries controlled the artillery and firearms that became increasingly vital to Ottoman success in warfare with Christian and Muslim adversaries, they rapidly became the most powerful component in the Ottoman military machine. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Janissaries growing importance was another factor contributing to the steady decrease of the role of the aristocracy cavalry. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.25in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Spent their time in splendid marble palaces and pleasure gardens, surrounded by large numbers of slaves and the many wives and concubines of their harems. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> A death of a Sultan usually resulted into warfare between the many talented and experienced claimants to the throne a political succession they had inherited from the Islamic principles. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Artisans were organized into guilds and guild officers set craft standards, arbitrated disputes between their members, and provided financial assistance for needy members while also arranging popular entertainments, which were often linked to religious festivities. || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Military leaders played a dominant role in the Ottoman state, and the economy of the empire was geared to warfare and expansion and gradually it developed into a warrior aristocracy. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">As the power of the warrior aristocracy shrank at the center, they built up regional and local bases of support which inevitably competed with the sultans and the central bureaucracy for revenue and labor control. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">From the mid 15th century, the imperial armies were increasingly dominated by infantry divisions made of troops of Janissaries. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Janissaries eventually tried to translate military service into political influence and by the late 15th century they were deeply involved with court politics, by the mid 16th century they had gained the power to depose sultans and decide which one of the dying ruler’s sons would mount the throne. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Some earlier Ottoman sultans were very capable rulers who often had an effective administration and tax relief for peoples of areas annexed to the empire. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Ottoman sultans grew distant from their subjects as their empire increased in size and wealth. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Day to day administration was carried out by a large bureaucracy headed by a grand vizier, who was the overall head of the imperial administration and who often held more real power than the sultan who early on had taken an active role in political decisions and had often personally led their armies into battle. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The decline of the administrative system led to the rampant growth of corruption among the Ottoman officials which prompted regional and local officials to retain more revenue for their own purposes such as squeezing the peasants and laborers who worked on their estates for additional taxes and services which led to the peasant uprisings and flight in the abandonment of cultivated lands and in social dislocations that further drained the resources of the empire. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Instead of political succession to the throne, successors were then kept like hostages in special sections of the palace where they remained until it was their turn to transcend to the throne and the other princes were just imprisoned in the palace for the rest of their lives. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The strategy of isolating the successors protected them but in return they were un ready to ascend to the throne and were just pawns to the viziers straggle for power. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Their dependence on huge siege guns and janissaries made the empire fall behind in the art of waging war and resulted into it being a less threat to the west. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Were defeated by the combined force of Spanish and Venetian fleet at Lepanto in 1571 and when they decided to sail down to the coast of Africa they discovered that the Portuguese had already invaded the area and fighting them for the waters of Asia proved to be more harmful to the empire in the long run. || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The collapse of the Seljuk Turkic kingdom of Rum in eastern Anatolia in Asia Minor, after the invasion by the Mongols in 1243, opened way for the Ottomans to seize power in their own right. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Ottomans flooded into the region and came to dominate the rest and within decades begun to build a new empire based on Anatolia which advanced from the strongholds in Asia Minor across the Bosporus straits into Europe and eventually large portions of the Balkans were added to the rapidly expanding empire. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Upon their expansion in Europe, the Ottomans bypassed rather than conquered the great city of Constantinople, who they had earlier in the 15th century alternated between alliances and warfare with but now they were strong enough to undertake the capture of the well fortified city and they terrorized the walls until they finally broke through them and waves of Ottoman troops raced into the village to loot and pillage for the three days they had been promised by their leader. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They soon extended their empire into Syria, Egypt and across North Africa so in doing so brought their rule into the Arab world. It also spread through the Balkans into Hungary and around the Black and Red seas. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They became a formidable naval power and made it possible to capture major island bases on Rhodes, Crete, and Cyprus. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They also drove in the Venetians and Genoese in the Eastern Mediterranean and threatened southern Italy on several occasions and lay siege to the capital of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty at Vienne although this attack that was posed was less serious than the one made in an earlier century. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">By the late 17th century, the long retreat from Russia, Europe, and the Arab lands had began and it was inevitable that the height of the empire was simply too large to be maintained and the sultans had the resource base at their disposal and the primitive state of transport and communications in the preindustrial era. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Possible conquests of land began to get lost to Ottomans’ Christians and Muslim enemies and in return the maintaining the oversized bureaucracy and army shrank. || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The empire was made up of mostly Muslims but a good percentage also consisted of Christians and Jewish people. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The chiefs were among the Islamic religious scholars and legal experts, who retained many of the administrative functions they had held under the Arab caliphs of earlier centuries. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The coffeehouses also played a major role in the cultural life of Constantinople, because poets and scholars would regularly congregate and read their latest works aloud and debate about politics and the merits of each other’s ideas. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The early Ottomans had written in Persian and Arabic remained and important language for works on law and religion throughout the empire’s history. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">But by the 17th century, the Turkish language of the Ottoman court had become the preferred mode of expression for poets and historian as well as the language of the Ottoman bureaucracy. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In writing, as in fine arts, the Ottomans achievements have been somewhat overshadowed by those of their contemporary Persian and Indian rivals. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Aqueducts were built from the surrounding hills to supply the growing population with water, markets were reopened, and the city’s defenses were repaired. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Coffeehouses were introduced from America by English merchants in the 17th century where places were men gathered to smoke tobacco, gossip, do business, and play chess began forming in all sections of the city. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The authors, artists, and artisans of the Ottoman Empire left a considerable legacy, particularly in poetry, ceramics, carpet manufacturing, and above all in architecture. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> After the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II’s armies, he tried to restore the city back to its ancient glory by converting the cathedral of Saint Sophia into one of the grandest mosques in the Islamic world, and having new mosques and palaces built throughout the city. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sultans then strove to beautify the city and to be remembered for it and so Suleyman the Magnificent built the mosque known as Suleymaniye. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">E || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Ottomans were very lucky in the merchant industry and had ports all over eastern Europe that enabled traders and tax collectors to make a profit but it declined once the Ottoman declined military wise.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">S || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">P || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2.25pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In the Ottoman empire, Sultans were not people who held a lot of power and the power was left to viziers and to the Janissaries corps, soon however corrupted grew among this people which devastated the empire as a whole.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">I || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">From their humble origins as frontier vassals, the Ottomans rapidly rose to power and became the protectors of the Islamic heartlands and the scourge of Christian Europe. They seized power from cities that was once powerful and remained a major force in European politics until the late 19th century.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Ottoman empire was very much influenced by the Islamic religion that every single aspect of the empire from expanding to administration circled around it but was tolerant of other religions.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;">T || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">