Western+Europe

· //The Christianity churches in Europe became the highway information.// · //They had so much knowledge about science, literature but decided to keep it to themselves which contributed to the Dark ages in Europe.// · //The clergy which held a lot of power was soon joined by the church which gained its power due to its alignment to the church.// · //The church and clergy gained wealth and influence from this alignment. Whereas the hierarchy gained absolute power and since it seemed that he was approved by the pope people submitted to his power.// · //Vikings from Scandinavia began raiding unprotected coastal land of Britain and the Northern Mainland especially monasteries because they were unprotected and they held a lot of valuables.// · //Slaves were also captured.// · //They were enabled because the weather was warm and it made travel by sea easily.// · //They weren’t inhibited by a culture or religion that discouraged pillaging and since it was overpopulated, farming didn’t support its population.// · //Charles Martel was the grandson of Charlemagne who founded the Carolingian dynasty that occupied most of Europe and who also pioneered the use of newly advanced stirrups so that the army and the soldiers had a better advantage against their enemies.// · //Eventually the Franks achieved an overwhelming military advantage in Europe and they also introduced the concept of heavy infantry and a permanent army to Medieval Europe.// · //They had the only permanent army in Medieval Europe and since they were in closer contact with the Romans they were able to pick up the military technology that helped them pioneer the use of newly advanced stirrups such as weapons/swords being used while riding a horse.// · //They didn’t travel long distances to conquer states to become part of the empire but just used the existing home base.// · //They didn’t subject heavy taxations upon their new subjects as the Romans had done when they converted to Roman Catholicism.// · //They spilt the possessions equally among the children of the elders until Clovis murdered all his siblings and their families and this seemed good until there was conflict with the heirs that led to the downfall of the Empire in the late 9th century.// · //The Empire had a lot of charismatic, successive and capable leaders.// · //Since the continent wasn’t being modernized and it was going back while only petty kingdoms tried to modernize it feudalism was introduced.// · //Feudalism is a military/social/economic order where a monarch grants feudal lords large parcels of land in exchange of military services when needed, and taxes, in exchange for unified, military protection.// · //Knights and peasants were given smaller pieces of land for exchange of their services when needed.// · //The feudal lords would eventually rule people on a piecemeal basis even holding their own courts, and dealing justice as they so fit.// · //Peasants were the property of the feudal lords in a system of feudalism known as serfdom.// · //Since petty kingdoms were the result of barbaric raids throughout the continent, people were converted to Christianity.// · //The Christian Crusades revived interest in Asia and also brought Islamic knowledge to Europe. This caused population to grow rapidly in Europe.// · //There was an increase of papal influence and a sense of commonality among Christians since most of Europe was Christianized by this time.// · //This power of religion transcended into nationalism and churches dominated empires.// · //German emperors were coroneted as Holy Roman Empires and they were able to exercise power over ecclesiastic authorities like appointing the clergy and the pope himself.// · //Helped them gain support for expansion in other regions of the continent.// · //When Italy went into chaos Otto 1 stepped in and conquered it back and gave the papal states back their independence.// · The crusades fought a lot of senseless wars especially when they tried to sustain a piece of Jerusalem which eventually proved to be unsustainable and a lot of lives died in vain especially those of powerless women. They also believed that Christianity should exterminate the Islam/Judaism religion. · Since the crusaders persecuted Jews the Protestants used that to their advantage and so during the Protestant Reformation, they showed and voiced their opinion to the soon to be converted people about how the Romans were as holy as they claimed they were in the Dark Ages. · Tension rose between the Byzantine empire and the Roman Catholics because the pope compelled the crusaders to conquer Constantinople and even though it was conquered back by the Byzantines, the damage was irreversible and so when the Ottoman Turks invaded Eastern Europe, it was conquered without much difficulty. · Christians developed a reputation for being ruthless and exploitive to the Jews and Muslims because they slaughtered them quickly and without a second thought. · Europe’s knowledge about the Asian world was increased by the crusaders, which helped advance the European countries in some aspect and which eventually led to the Renaissance. · Devotion and loyalty to the Catholic Church were a must and so tolerance of other religions wasn’t very common and with that many Jews became targets and in Europe many Jewish communities were wiped out by the crusaders. · Normans from Normandy invaded and conquered class and became the ruling class. ( settled in northern France · First step toward democracy after the collapse of Rome which was provoked by the monarch spoiling their power and doing what they want and in the process hurting people. Why the Golden Horde was able to dominate Europe and the Black Death Plague · Due to the unusually dry weather and to their reliance on agriculture and trade, Mongols were forced to move west from their Asian homeland. · They were exposed to various methods due to their nomadic lifestyles and this included their superior horsemanship and superior bows. · They gained a lot of people due to the fact that every time they conquered a state, the people were either forced to submit to their power and join them or they would die. · They diplomatically appealed to the conquered people due to the science and government philosophies that they were learning. They also dominated the trade route from Europe to Asia. · There timing was impeccable since the black plague had just hit and weakened Europe. · The black plague was found from the Mongols and was mainly found in rats. It spread either through invasion or trade and contact with the Arabs or Mongols. It killed roughly about half of the European population. The Europeans were very vulnerable and due to either their overpopulation or unsanitary conditions, their immune systems weakened. It kept recurring in Europe until the 19th century.
 * __Impact of Christianity__**
 * __Reign of Charles Martel & Viking Raids__**
 * __The Rise of the Franks__**
 * __Feudalism__**
 * __Christianity and the High Middle Ages & Expansion of Holy Roman Empire__**
 * Effects of the Crusades, Norman conquest of England and Magna Carta **

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">mind maps

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ESPIRIT Chart ** <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">You must include main ideas and details in each category <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Civilization/Nation/Group <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Time Period____ _ <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt -24pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">

<span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">To woo labor to the new farmers, landlords typically had to loosen the bonds of serfdom and require less labor sometimes just charging a money rent. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Contacts with new countries brought new crops such as durum wheats, the vital ingredient for pasta and alfafa. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They also provided many days of labor repairing the lord’s castle or working the lands under his control and supervision. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Serf’s children could receive land only through inheritance. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">No single language united this civilization, any more than any government. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The manorial system had strengthened by the decline of trade and the lack of larger political structures. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Life for most serfs was difficult since agriculture equipment was limited and production was low yet they had to give their landlords part of their crops. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Some serfs escaped their master’s control by running away. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">After the collapse of the Roman Empire, the Church was the only extensive example of organization during the recovery. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The church adopted the government of the Roman Empire by administering Christendom/ <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pope in Rome was the top authority. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Holy Roman Empire became the rulers of Germany and northern Italy. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Western Europe proved to have strong cultural unity, initially centered in Catholic Christianity, but with pronounced political divisions. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They brought the religion to northern and eastern Germany, beyond the borders of the previous Roman Empire and to Scandinavia by 10th century. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Papal missionaries converted the English to Christianity. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Pope didn’t always have the power to appoint the bishops; this right was claimed by monarchs and land lords. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The interest of early Germanic kings in Christianity was a sign of the political as well as spiritual power of the church. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Some converted to Christianity to gain greater prestige over local rivals who were still Pagan. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The church became an important chain of monasteries were developed after the Fall of Rome. || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They copied old manuscripts including those of great Christian thinkers but could do little more beyond that and they couldn’t really understand the philosophy behind it but mostly couldn’t write good Latin. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Intellectuals and church officials used Latin but separate languages were being formed. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Those who could read and write were a few and they were mainly concentrated in the hierarchy and the monasteries of the Catholic Church, where it was kept alive. <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In the West, serfs were free peasants (not slaves_ that were under the control of land-lords.  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The new horse collar allowed horses to be yoked without them choking which enabled a lot of things especially when it came to war.  <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In the 9th century the three field system was also introduced. This enabled for more crops to grow and one part of the land to regain fertility. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> E || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Population growth encouraged further economic innovation and there was a wedge there for growing trade.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> S || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Serfs were agricultural workers who received some protection, including the administration of justice, from the land lords, in return, they were obligated to turn over part of their goods and to remain on the land.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> P || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Although Germanic kings ruled some territories, between Rome’s fall and the 10th century, effective political organizations were largely local.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> I || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Raids by the sea-going Viking from Scandinavia periodically disrupted life from Ireland to Sicily.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> R || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Regional churches were headed by bishops, who were supposed to owe allegiance to the church’s central authority; bishops, in turn, appointed and to some degree supervised local priests.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> I || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">With weak rulers and little more than subsistence agriculture, it is a small wonder that intellectual activity declined.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 65pt;"> T || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The moldboard a better plow was introduced in the 9th century. It allowed for deeper turning of the soil.