20th+Century+Nationalism

20th Century Nationalism: __Changes:__ · Many more new nations arose during the 20th century than during any other span in history. These changes were related to upheavals. · While in the past the government had been a monarchy, in the 20th century governments began to see a variation of them around while other societies saw multiple governments. · A large number of former colonies were able to develop sufficient military arsenals to make outside intervention dauntingly expensive. · New methods of transportation and communication provided a third defining feature and ushered in another stage in the capacity to move people, goods, and ideas worldwide. · There was a tremendous population growth that was followed by massive urbanization either due to industrial growth or urban poverty. · Now that the aristocracy were no longer as the primary source of leaders, new leaders were needed which made politics go under a dominant process. · With new political independence, many countries were able to have a voice on the global economic table such as China who became a global manufacturing engine, India who enhanced their exports and developed as a center for the outsourcing of services, and Brazil who became the world’s fourth largest computer exporter. · Cultural forces encouraged secular loyalties such as nationalism, which won allegiance from many people, and Marxism, which was a persuasive belief system for many people. · The use of technology as a way to get a message across was characterized by a new level of intolerance which resulted into a real contest for cultural preferences within the societies of the Middle East, India, and the United States. · There were also movements that wanted to increase in education, new legal rights. And a stronger political voice for women and with the decline of birth rates by the end of the 20th century. · Globalization was renewed with Japan, Germany and the United States being active global leaders, China also reentered the global system in 1978. The restate of globalization was more intense and involved a closer global interaction than ever, there were also the massive network of international nongovernmental organizations that emerged and tried to deal with an array of issues from human rights to the environment to sweatshop labor. · There was a population growth that involved people from Asia, Africa, and Latin America migrating to industrial centers such as the United States. · Globalization also led to environmental issues such as global warming which came from air pollution that caused acid rain, brought smoke from industrial regions to forests hundreds of miles away. · In many societies, efforts to destroy social inequality involved attempts to reverse emotional passivity.

__Continuity:__ · Major religions still maintained powerful support through cultural change. · Other countries continued to focus on low-cost production of raw material and foods, also industrial countries intensified their control over most African exports. · Parts of Latin American and Southeast Asia were still controlled by older constraints in the world economy. · Gender relations in most parts of the world stayed the same with girls continuing to be unlikely to receive primary education than boys. · Some societies like the United States, continued to be suspicious of anything that might have limited their sovereignty and so the rejected several pacts on environment, on punishing war criminals, and banning land mines. · China continued to place an unusual emphasis on order and conformity. · Russia’s return to the greater authoritarianism reminded people of the continuities between tsarist political systems, communism and the new leadership that was intolerant of internal opposition and critique. · Some emotional and behavioral standards continued to characterize specific civilizations. · Societies around Mediterranean continued traditions of angry or jealous responses to offenses.

__The Coming of the Great War:__ Causes of WWI · Fear of the Germans led the French and the British to form an ally with Russia. They became known as the Triple Entente in the early 1900’s. They hoped that if war was to erupt, then there would be two fronts for the German to fight. · German was an ally with Austria-Hungary and Italy, the allies were known as the central powers, but there was some tension between Austria- Hungary and Italy due to the land that belonged to Italy. German stopped depending on Russia and just on Austria- Hungary. Italy in return refused to back the two up when war erupted and choose to enter the war on the side of the Entente power in 1915. · Due to the colonization that was taking place at the time, there was tension between the allies and outside them. · France was threatened by German if it continued advancing on Morocco but German backed off when no Europeans were supporting it. · Growing divisions between the imperialistic rivalries intensified and European leaders and those of smaller states were happy to vie for increased territories and obsessed with keeping rivals on advancing at the expense of the country. · Imperialism and the alliance system led to countries begrudgingly making alliances and to the arms race which involved production of naval rivalry, size, firepower, and practiced massive maneuvers that national leaders were ready to use in case of a general war. · In July 1914, a Serbian nationalist, Gavriel Princip assassinate the heir of Austria- Hungary with his wife in Sarajevo which resulted in the Austria- Hungarians demanded power over the Serbians which included them giving sovereignty which the Austria- Hungarians were determined to turn into a war. · Russia vowed to back up the Serbians if war was to erupt and with this alliance in the way, led to the mobilization of the armies of the great powers in late July 1914. · Since German mobilization meant war instead of applying diplomacy, they devised a plan to attack French through invading neutral Belgium which Great Britain had long ago vowed to protect which brought in Britain’s naval ally Japan and other British-ruled colonial territories, from the White Dominions of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to British imperial possessions in India, across Africa and southeast Asia.

The introduction is talking about the alliances that were formed that actually fueled WWI. He is saying that there will be no more of those as of then. Wilson suggests that the reason the Americans entered the war was because violations of rights had occurred and they had entered the war to make sure that this never happened again. He feels as if the world had fallen into chaos and he was trying to bring peace back into the world which was a program only the Americans could ensure that it happened. There should be no imperialism and people should have rights and choose who they want to govern them. British and French colonies might be really happy about the 14 points because they ensured them their freedom from having colonial lords and having their own space.
 * How does the introduction relate to the causes of WWI?
 * What does Wilson suggest was the reason for American entry into the war?
 * How would you summarize the main objectives of the 14 Points?
 * How might the colonies of Britain and France react to the 14 points?

Middle East

Social Army Organizaiton. violent resistance || Ahmed Ben Bella || Economic issues after independence. Socialist state was admitted as the 109th state in the United Nations. || started peaceful but it soon transformed into a radical movement. || Kwame Nkrumah, || educated Africans slowly took over adminstration of colony. transfer of power from Britain to prime minister. Rich in mineral resources and had good education system. Became republic with Nkuramah to become a democratic state with a stable economy under military coup. || Oginga Odinga, Harry Thuku, Jomo Kenyatta, || Constutional monarchy with the prime minister as head of the gov't. || Russia
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria || July 5, 1962 || French, was part of the Ottoman Empire || National Liberation Front.
 * Angola ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Belgian Congo || June 30, 1960 || Belguim ||  || King Leopold, Henry Morten Stanely, Governor general Petillon, Patrice Lumumba || went from an autocratic gov't to a a republic. ||
 * Ghana || March 6, 1957 || part of Great Britain || CPP
 * Guinea ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Kenya || December 12, 1963 || British || Mau Mau. violent. || Dedan Kimathl,
 * Madagascar ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * South Africa || 1994, 1910, 1934- offical separation from the British || Britian || parti- movement || Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, F.W. de de Klerk, Steve Biko || extreme racial segregation, no representation in the government. ||